Whole process fertilization plan for peanuts

Peanuts, also known as peanuts, are a common oil crop in China and are also the most abundant and widely consumed nut. At present, the planting area of peanuts in China is about 65 million mu, among which Shandong, Henan, and Hebei are the main producing areas of peanuts, with the planting area approaching 50% of the national planting area. Peanuts are a crop that requires a large amount of fertilizer, and reasonable fertilization is crucial for improving peanut yield.

1、 Peanut fertilizer requirement pattern

(1) Classification of Peanut Growth Stages

Sprouting stage, seedling stage, flower needle stage, pod stage, and mature stage

(2) The demand for fertilizer (NPK) throughout the entire growth period

Peanuts require less fertilizer in the early stage, but their nutrient demand increases in the middle and later stages, and middle and trace elements are also essential Boron fertilizer: Rhizobium nitrogen fixation is a highly energy consuming process that requires digestion of a large amount of photosynthetic products. Boron can promote the transportation of carbohydrates and provide energy for nitrogenase Molybdenum fertilizer, as a component of nitrate reductase and nitrogenase, directly participates in the nitrogen metabolism of peanut plants. Boron fertilizer and molybdenum fertilizer are essential trace elements for peanuts. Applying boron fertilizer and molybdenum fertilizer can effectively enhance the nitrogen fixation effect of peanuts, improve their yield and quality.

(3) Principles of Peanut Fertilization

For every 100kg of peanut pods produced, the required fertilizer amount is 5.45 kg of pure N P2O5 1.04 kg、K2O 2.62 kg，N:P2O5:K2O = 5:1:2.5。 As the yield increases, the N and P2O5 required for producing 100kg of pods increase. Peanuts are leguminous crops with their own nitrogen fixation ability. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied should consider the soil nitrogen supply and root nodule nitrogen fixation. Generally, the lower and middle fertility levels rely on rhizobia to provide 1/2 of the nitrogen supply, while in high-yield cultivation and summer peanuts, rhizobia only provide 1/3 of the nitrogen supply. Peanut yield is highly sensitive to phosphorus, and the effect of increasing phosphorus fertilizer is significant. Soil phosphorus content is an important factor determining peanut yield levels, and phosphorus fertilizer should not be applied late. The fertilization principle for peanuts is to halve nitrogen fertilizer, double phosphorus fertilizer, and apply all potassium fertilizer, N:P2O5:K2O = 1:0.8:1。

(4) The peak absorption and utilization of fertilizers (NPK) at various growth stages

The peak nutrient absorption of peanuts occurs during the pod setting stage, from germination to seedling stage, requiring less nutrients. Nutrients come from peanut seeds, and the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium only accounts for 5-10% of the total lifetime absorption; The absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients by peanuts during the flowering period increased sharply, with nitrogen absorption accounting for 17% of the total lifetime absorption, phosphorus accounting for 22.6%, and potassium accounting for 22.3%; The pod setting period of peanuts is the most vigorous period for nutritional and reproductive growth, with a large number of pods forming and also the period for absorbing the most nutrients. Nitrogen absorption accounts for 42% of the total lifetime absorption, phosphorus accounts for 46%, and potassium accounts for 60%. During the mature stage, the decline in nutritional growth and reproductive growth leads to the cessation of nitrogen fixation in the main root nodules, gradually weakening the ability to absorb nutrients. Nitrogen absorption accounts for 28% of the total life, phosphorus accounts for 22%, and potassium accounts for 7%. Peanuts mainly absorb nutrients in the middle and later stages.

2、 Fertilization plans for different stages (taking high-yield fields as an example)

(1) Applying sufficient base fertilizer: Due to the small number of root nodules and weak nitrogen fixation ability in the early stage of peanut growth, and the fact that the fruit needles have already entered the soil in the middle and late stages, it is not suitable to fertilize. Therefore, it is important to apply sufficient base fertilizer to peanuts. Generally, before sowing, combine plowing and soil preparation, and apply sufficient base fertilizer in one go to meet the fertilizer requirements for the entire growth period. Especially, all phosphorus fertilizers must be applied as base fertilizer, with organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers mainly combined with appropriate amounts of medium and trace element fertilizers. For example, apply soybean 50 organic fertilizer (100 kg)+Jinsu 15-12-15 peanut specific fertilizer (40-60 kg) or 18-18-18 trian (40-60 kg).

(2) Topdressing: Peanuts generally do not require topdressing on the basis of sufficient base fertilizer, especially those covered with plastic film, which is not convenient for topdressing. Peanuts in open fields or plots with poor soil fertility and insufficient base fertilizer can be fertilized with balanced compound fertilizer (10-15 kg) before planting during the seedling stage, depending on the condition of the seedlings. Peanuts are fertilized with foliar topdressing during the podding and ripening stages. Balanced or high nitrogen and potassium water-soluble fertilizer solutions (100 g/time) are sprayed on the leaves to prevent premature aging, promote pod fruiting and fullness, and increase yield.

3、 Key management techniques

(1) Sowing techniques: 1) Select suitable and excellent peanut varieties; 2) Sun drying seeds and seed coating agents for seed mixing treatment; 3) Select suitable crop stubble for planting; 4) The land is carefully leveled, deep, fine, transparent, and flat; 5) Planting at an appropriate time and in moderation; 6) Sowing with sufficient soil moisture, with a field water holding capacity of 70-80%; 7) Suitable sowing depth of 3-6 cm.

(2) Clearing: Peanuts are basically evenly planted and covered with film. Peanuts should be promptly removed from the film to prevent high temperatures inside the film from burning the seedlings; After 15-20 days of mulching, the seedlings should be cleared in a timely manner when they grow up. All leaves should be scraped outside the mulch to prevent burns. During this period, the missing seedling holes should be promptly filled with seedlings.

(3) Control of vigorous growth: In the late stage of flowering or when the plant height reaches 35-40cm, timely spraying of vigorous growth control drugs can prevent peanut vigorous growth and yield reduction. Fields with poor soil and less vigorous peanut growth can be exempted from spraying.

(4) Prevention and control of pests and diseases: 1) Select varieties with good disease resistance, select plump seeds, and sow them; 2) When sowing, use pesticides to mix seeds or sprinkle pesticides on cultivated land to prevent underground pests; 3) Timely remove burnt and diseased residues during peanut harvest to prevent bacterial soil residues; 4) Rotation, peanut and cereal crop rotation to avoid peanut diseases; 5) Spray medication for prevention and control before or during the early stages of the disease, with prevention as the main focus and treatment as a supplement, especially after the flowering period to pay attention to the prevention and control of peanut leaf spot disease.